Hieroglyphics Experts Declare Ancient Egyptian Carvings in Australia to be AUTHENTIC

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Medical Treatise over 5000 years old

This remarkable papyrus, bought in 1862 by the American Egyptologist Edwin Smith in Luxor, Egypt, is an ancient Egyptian surgical treatise.

It is the oldest known medical document; written in the Middle Egyptian hieratic script,

it contains 377 lines of text on the recto (front) and 92 on the verso (back).

It is a textbook of surgery, containing systematic and highly detailed descriptions, diagnoses, treatments and prognoses of 48 neurosurgical and orthopaedic cases.

The papyrus, which is named after Edwin Smith, is now housed in the New York Academy of Sciences.

27 of the cases documented in the Edwin Smith papyrus are head injuries,

and 6 are spinal injuries.

Each of them is investigated rationally and deductively,

with only one of the 48 cases being treated with magic.

Although ancient civilizations are generally regarded as primitive, the Smith papyrus demonstrates that the ancient Egyptians had highly advanced knowledge of medicine. Many of the surgical procedures and concepts described in the document are still in use today, and it seems that the ancient Egyptians had knowledge of neuroanatomy that was as detailed and advanced as that of modern medicine.

The papyrus even contains a prescription for a wrinkle remover containing urea, an ingredient of modern anti-wrinkle creams.

The cases documented in the Smith papyrus are presented in a format that is very similar to that used by modern physicians.

Each case begins with a medical history and physical investigation of the patient, whose wound is categorized as “an ailment I can treat”,

“an ailment I shall contend with”,

or “an ailment which not to be treated”.

Patients with untreatable ailments were given palliative care by the surgeon. Case 25 describes the treatment for a dislocated jaw, in exactly the same way that medical students today are taught to treat the injury:

If thou examinest a man having a dislocation in his mandible, shouldst thou find this mouth open and his mouth cannot close for him, thou shouldst put thy thumbs upon the ends of the two rami of the mandible in the inside of his mouth and thy two claws [meaning two groups of fingers] under his chin, and thou shouldst cause them to fall back so they rest in their places.

Analysis of the writing style reveals that the papyrus is a copy made by a scribe around 1,600 BCE (17th Dynasty).

The original document was written circa 3,000 BC (3rd Dynasty),

and has been credited to Imhotep, the real father of medicine, who lived some 2,000 years before Hippocrates. (In fact, it is believed that the ancient Greeks knew of the contents of the Edwin Smith papyrus, and used them as a basis for their writings on science and medicine.)

The Smith papyrus was translated into English in the 1920s by James Henry Breasted, who noted that it contained the earliest known use of the word ‘brain’.

Hieroglyph meaning ‘brain’

A reading of the Smith papyrus reveals the similarity between ancient Egyptian and modern diagnostic procedures. During an examination, the patient was asked questions by the surgeon, who then counted the patient’s pulse and inspected wounds for inflammation. This was followed by careful observation of the patient’s general appearance, during which the surgeon noted the colour of the eyes and face, the condition of the skin, the quality of nasal secretions and the stiffness of the limbs and abdomen.

The papyrus also contains the first descriptions of the cerebrospinal fluid, meninges and the surface of the brain, including the gyri and sulci, as well as a description of sciatica. Breasted writes about how the author of the papyrus described his observations:

Like the modern scientist, he clarifies his terms by comparison of the things they designate with more familiar objects: the convolutions of the brain he likens to the corrugations on metallic slag, and the fork at the head of the ramus in the human mandible he describes as like the claw of a two-toed bird; a puncture of the cranium is like a hole broken in the side of a pottery jar, and a segment of the skull is given the name of a turtle’s shell.

He also notes that the author was well aware that damage to certain parts of the brain could affect the function of the body:

The observation of effects on the lower limbs of injuries to the skull and brain, noted by the ancient surgeon with constant reference to that side of the head which has been injured, shows an astonishingly early discernment of localization of function in the brain.

Thus, the author associated aphasia with fractures of the temporal lobe, and recognized that quadriplegia, priapism and urinary incontinence could occur as a consequence of cervical spinal cord injury.

Head injuries were characterized in much the same way as they are today:

In discussing injuries affecting the brain, we note the surgeon’s effort to delimit his terms as he selects for specialization a series of common and current words to designate three degrees of injury to the skull indicated in modern surgery by the terms ‘fracture,’ ‘compound fracture,’ and ‘compound comminuted fracture,’ all of which the ancient commentator carefully explains.

Case 48 desribes Lasegue’s sign, a neurological test for lumbar root or sciatic nerve irritation:

Thou shouldst say to [the patient]: ‘Extend now thy two legs and contract both again.’ When he extends them he contracts them both immediately because of the pain he causes in the vertebra of his spinal column in which he suffers.

From the Smith papyrus we can see that ancient Egyptian doctors also had knowledge of antiseptic technique and antibiotics. Wounds were bound in fresh meat, which has haemostatic properties. Honey, which has antibiotic properties, was applied to wounds, and opiates were administered as analgesics.

“Thou shouldst bind [the wound] with fresh meat the first day [and] treat afterwards with grease, honey [and] lint every day until he recovers.”

More than four millennia before William Harvey ‘discovered’ circulation, the ancient Egyptians were aware that the blood circulated around the body in vessels. They had names for all the major blood vessels and knew of their distribution throughout the limbs. They also knew that the heart was at the centre of the cardiovascular system.

The full extent of the medical knowledge of the ancient Egyptians will never be known. They probably wrote tens or hundreds of thousands of medical texts; only about 10 remain, providing us with a mere glimpse of the medical knowledge of this civilization.

Bron: http://neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/2006/07/10/pharaonic-neurosurgery-the-edwin-smith-surgical-papyrus/

21 Most Amazing Archaelogical Discoveries Reported In 2013

MessageToEagle.com - 2013 was a great year for archaelogists and historians examining our secretful past. Several significant discoveries were made and we have now reason to learn more about our anscestors and the history of planet Earth. We have put together a list of some of the most eye-catching and interesting archaeological events that captured our attention.



1. Ancient Underground Planetarium With Hundreds Glowing Metallic Spheres



Archeologists have a made an intriguing and puzzling discovery. Hundreds of strange metallic mysterious glowing spheres have been unearthed beneath an ancient temple.
The purpose of these spheres remains an unsolved mystery for the moment. It looks almost like a wonderful underground planetarium. Read more

2. Ancient Golden Treasure Found At Foot Of Temple Mount



A fascinating discovery of thirty-six Byzantine gold coins, gold and silver jewelry, and a gold religious medallion has been made by a team of archaeologists who conducted excavations on the City of David's summit and at the southern wall of Jerusalem's Temple Mount.
The treasures were abandoned in the context of the Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 CE... Read more

3. 5,000-Year-Old Extremely Well-Preserved Underwater Skull



Archaeologists have made an astonishing discovery. A 5,000 year-old skull of unknown origin was accidentally found on the banks of a river in Worcershire by a walker who thought it was a coconut.
What makes the skull so unique is how well-preserved it is and scientists find it hard to believe it could have been kept underwater for so long. So where did it come from and how did it end up in the river? Read more

4. 29 Ancient Gold Men Unearthed In Sweden



Archaeologists in Sweden have made an astounding discovery unearthing 29 ancient figurines of gold men ("guldgubbar") dating back to the Iron Age.
Working in great secrecy, archaeologists made this sensational find in Blekinge at West Vång peasant village northeast of Ronneby, located in southern Sweden. No fewer than 29 anthropomorphic gold foils, gold men so-called "guldgubbar" have been discovered at the site. This is the third largest find of gold men to have been made in Sweden to date. Read more

5. Enigmatic Ancient Crypt Covered With "Magical" Inscriptions And Mysterious Signs



An enigmatic 900-year-old crypt covered with "magical" inscriptions protecting the tomb inside has been uncovered by a group of archaeologists excavating in Sudan.
The crypt was excavated in a monastery at Old Dongola, the forgotten powerful kingdoms of medieval Africa. Inside the tomb were seven mummies, all dressed very simply in linen clothing... Read more

6. Mysterious Sarcophagi Belonging To The Chachapoyas "The Warriors of the Clouds"



Archaeologists working in the Amazonas region of Peru have discovered 35 sarcophagi belonging to the Chachapoyas culture. The mysterious pre-Incan Chachapoyas were known as the "Warriors of the Clouds" or the "Cloud People" what in Quechua means Chachapoyas, those who inhabited cloud forests of northern Peru, above the river valleys of the Utcubamba and Marañon.
The discovery was made this year with the help of a super long zoom camera. Read more

7. A Submerged Monumental Structure In The Sea Of Galilee Israel



This ancient, shallow sub-bottom structure (up to 13 m deep) resembles a burial marker but archaeologists are not certain of its true purpose.
Close inspection by scuba diving revealed that the structure is made of basalt boulders up to 1 m long with no apparent construction pattern. The boulders have natural faces with no signs of cutting or chiselling. Read more

8. 600 Ancient Seals And Amulets Found In Prehistoric Sanctuary In Turkey



Archaeologists have discovered an unusually large find of more than 600 stamp seals and cylinder seals unearthed in an ancient sanctuary in Turkey.
Different themes can be found on the seals and amulets: the spectrum ranges from geometric ornaments and astral symbols to elaborate depictions of animals and people. This includes, for example, praying men in front of divine symbols and a royal hero fighting animals and hybrid creatures. Read more

9. Mysterious "Perfectly Preserved" 300-Year-Old Mummy



Archaeologists have made yet another incredible discovery. When experts opened a 300 year-old coffin they found perfectly preserved body!
What happened next is somewhat of a mystery and archaeologists have begun an investigation. Read more

10. Head Of Unknown Roman God Discovered In Ancient Rubbish Dump



Archaeologists have unearthed an 1,800-year-old carved stone head of what is believed to be a Roman god. The god's identity remains unknown for the moment. The discovery was made at Binchester Roman Fort, near Bishop Auckland, in County Durham in an ancient rubbish dump.
The carved stone head dates from the 2nd or 3rd century AD and resembles the Celtic deity Antenociticus.Read more

11. Stone Monument At El Perú-Waka’ Reveals 'Mayan Cleopatra Story’



While tunneling beneath the main temple of the ancient Maya city of El Perú-Waka' in northern Guatemala, archaeologists have discovered an intricately carved stone monument with hieroglyphic text regarding a little-known sixth-century Mayan princess.
"Here the Snake queen, Lady Ikoom, prevailed in the end." Read more

12. Bizarre Old Ring With License To Kill



The ring wasn't always only a symbol of wealth, infinity, friendship and a magical talisman that protected from injuries and "the evil eye". In ancient times, the ring was also a harbinger of doom, the envy of the gods or a bad omen.
A few months ago, archaeologists digging at the ruins of the medieval fortress on Cape Kaliakra, near the town of Kavarna on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, found a well-preserved poison ring. Read more

13. World's Oldest Calendar Reveals The Beginning Of Time



Archaeologists revealed they have discovered what could be the world's oldest created by hunter-gatherer societies and dating back to around 8,000 BC. The lunar calendar was found in an Aberdeenshire field in Scotland.
Researchers discovered that a monument created by hunter gatherers in Aberdeenshire nearly 10,000 years ago appears to mimic the phases of the Moon in order to track lunar months over the course of a year. Read more

14. Neolithic Houses And Hundreds Of Clay Figurines Unearthed In Greece



Over 300 clay figurines have been unearthed by archaeologists studying a Neolithic archaeological site of Koutroulou Magoula near the Greek village of Neo Monastiri, around 160 miles from Athens, Greece. The figurines were found all over the site, with some located on wall foundations.
It’s believed the purpose of figurines was not only as aesthetic art, but also to convey and reflect ideas about a community’s culture, society and identity. Read more

15. Special Crystal Offers Evidence Magical Viking Sunstones Were Real



Archaeologists have discovered a special crystal that suggests legendary Viking sunstones did exists in reality.
It is believed that Vikings used so-called sunstones as a compass to find their way in arctic waters. Researchers suggest that sunstones could have been held up toward the center of the sky, allowing sunlight to hit it and get polarized and broken into an "ordinary" and an "extraordinary" beam. Read more

16. One Of The Oldest Treasures Found In Europe



The findings, which are almost 8000 year old, contain Early Neolithic jewelry and female figurines. The unique hoard is comprised of some 80 objects made of stone, clay and bone.
“This collection from Belica, in all its completeness, provides a unique glimpse into the symbols of the earliest farmers and herdsmen in Europe... Read more

17. Mysterious Skulls Linked To An Ancient Zombie Apocalypse



Several puzzling ancient skulls with their faces smashed in offer possible evidence our ancestors attempted to fight a zombie apocalypse.
Who were these mysterious feared beings whose skulls were exhumed and detached from their bodies several years after originally being buried? Read more

18. Ancient Tomb Reveals Secrets Of The 17th Dynasty Of Ancient Egypt



Spanish researchers have found the burials of four personages belonging to the elite of the 17th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, who lived about 3.550 years ago on the hill of Dra Abu el-Naga in Luxor (ancient Thebes).
The findings shed light on a little-known historical period in which Thebes becomes the capital of the kingdom and the empire’s foundations become established with the dominance of Egypt over Palestine and Syria to the north, and over Nubia to the south. Read more

19. Scientists Decipher Previously Invisible Texts In Ancient Manuscripts



Using very sophisticated multispectral imaging methods, scientists have been able to decipher up to three text layers in the manuscripts, which were superimposed on each other.
The manuscript in Jerusalem originates from the famous Library of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. Read more

20. Earliest Complete Human Figurine Unearthed On Cyprus



The age of the statue could range from 10,500 to 11,000 years old based on the fact it was discovered at a site Ayia Varvara-Asprokremnos (AVA) that has been radio-carbon dated to between 8800-8600 BC, near the beginning of the Neolithic Period - also known as the Late Stone Age - when the transition from hunting to farming economies was occurring throughout the Middle East.
The discovery supports a new theory that humans occupied the tiny Mediterranean island about 1,000 years earlier than previously believed -- a discovery that fills an important gap in Cypriot history. Read more

21. One Of The World's Oldest Ancient Egyptian Sundials



A group of scientists have discovered on of the world's oldest Egyptian sundials. The sundial was found while the team was clearing the entrance to one of the tombs. The researchers found a flattened piece of limestone (so-called Ostracon) on which a semicircle in black color had been drawn.
The semicircle is divided into twelve sections of about 15 degrees each. Read more


MessageToEagle.com

Source: http://www.messagetoeagle.com/2013mostremarkablearchaeoldiscov.php

Iron beads necklace in Egyptian tomb were forged from meteorite iron, two thousand years before the Iron Age began!

 

Now take a look at this, iron beads made from meteorites found in an Egyptian tomb, and over 5,000 years old. That should be impossible since scientists say no iron items were made before the Iron Age, which started 3,000 years ago, but as we see...scientists are wrong again. These items are evidence of ancient aliens in Egypt who passed on some of their iron making techniques to the locals. SCW

News states:

Ancient Egyptian beads found in a 5,000-year-old tomb were made from iron meteorites that fell to Earth from space, according to a new study. The beads, which are the oldest known iron artifacts in the world, were crafted roughly 2,000 years before Egypt's Iron Age. In 1911, nine tube-shaped beads were excavated from an ancient cemetary near the village of el-Gerzeh, which is located south of Cairo, said study lead author Thilo Rehren, a professor at UCL Qatar, a Western Asian outpost of the University College London's Institute of Archaeology. The tomb dates back to approximately 3200 B.C., the researchers said. Inside the tomb, which belonged to a teenage boy, the iron beads were strung together into a necklace alongside other exotic materials, including gold and gemstones. Early tests of the beads' composition revealed curiously high concentrations of nickel, a telltale signature of iron meteorites.

Source: http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/

 

1,200 Year Old Egyptian City Discovered Underwater

Photograph by Franck Goddio / Hilti Foundation / Christoph Gerigk

1,200 years ago the ancient Egyptian city of Heracleion disappeared beneath the Mediterranean. Founded around 8th century BC, well before the foundation of Alexandria in 331 BC, it is believed Heracleion served as the obligatory port of entry to Egypt for all ships coming from the Greek world.

Prior to its discovery in 2000 by archaeologist Franck Goddio and the IEASM (European Institute for Underwater Archaeology), no trace of Thonis-Heracleion had been found (the city was known to the Greeks as Thonis). Its name was almost razed from the memory of mankind, only preserved in ancient classic texts and rare inscriptions found on land by archaeologists.

Photograph by Franck Goddio / Hilti Foundation / Christoph Gerigk

Photograph by Franck Goddio / Hilti Foundation / Christoph Gerigk

The Discovery

With his unique survey-based approach utilising sophisticated technical equipment, Franck Goddio and his team from the IEASM were able to locate, map and excavate parts of the city of Thonis-Heracleion, which lies 6.5 kilometres off today’s coastline about 150 feet underwater. The city is located within an overall research area of 11 by 15 kilometres in the western part of Aboukir Bay. [Source]

Findings to date include:
- The remains of more than 64 ships buried in the thick clay and sand that covers the sea bed
- Gold coins and weights made from bronze and stone
- Giant 16-ft statues along with hundreds of smaller statues of minor gods
- Slabs of stone inscribed in both ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian
- Dozens of small limestone sarcophagi believed to have once contained mummified animals
- Over 700 ancient anchors for ships

[Source]

Photograph by Franck Goddio / Hilti Foundation / Christoph Gerigk

Photograph by Franck Goddio / Hilti Foundation / Christoph Gerigk

Photograph by Franck Goddio / Hilti Foundation / Christoph Gerigk

What Caused the Submergence?

Research suggests that the site was affected by geological and cataclysmic phenomena. The slow movement of subsidence of the soil affected this part of the south-eastern basin of the Mediterranean. The rise in sea level also contributed significantly to the submergence of the land. The IEASM made geological observations that brought these phenomena to light by discovering seismic effects in the underlying geology. [Source]

Analysis of the site also suggests liquefaction of the soil. These localized phenomena can be triggered by the action of great pressure on soil with a high clay and water content. The pressure from large buildings, combined with an overload of weight due to an unusually high flood or a tidal wave, can dramatically compress the soil and force the expulsion of water contained within the structure of the clay. The clay quickly loses volume, which creates sudden subsidence. An earthquake can also cause such a phenomenon. These factors, whether occurring together or independently, may have caused significant destruction and explain the submergence of Thonis-Heracleion. [Source]

Photograph by Franck Goddio / Hilti Foundation / Christoph Gerigk

Photograph by Franck Goddio / Hilti Foundation / Christoph Gerigk

Franck Goddio
Maritime Archaeologist

Franck Goddio is a pioneer of modern maritime archaeology. After graduating from the École Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Administration Economique in Paris, Franck Goddio conducted economic and financial counselling missions in Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia for the United Nations, and later for the French Foreign Ministry.

In the early 1980’s he decided to dedicate himself entirely to his passion – underwater archaeology – and founded theInstitut Européen d’Archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM), of which he is currently president. Goddio has initiated and directed a number of excavations on shipwrecks including seven junks from the 11th-16th century, two Spanish galleons and two trading vessels of the British East India Company.

Goddio’s most ambitious project is conducted off the coast of Egypt, in Alexandria’s ancient eastern harbour and in the Bay of Aboukir (30km east of Alexandria). In partnership with the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities a vast area the size of Paris has been mapped and investigated since 1992. In 2000, the ancient city of Heracleion and parts of the city of Canopus were discovered. The research is ongoing to this date.

Excavation projects directed by Goddio have a strictly non-commercial purpose and his work is always carried out in cooperation with the national authorities in whose territorial waters the exploration is taking place. The excavation work is founded on legal provisions that regulate underwater excavations and on international archaeological standards (UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage). [Source]

Originally posted on: Twisted Sifter

Source: http://www.altering-perspectives.com/2013/07/1200-year-old-egyptian-city-discovered.html?m=1